Teacher-Student Dynamics in AI-Driven Language Education in the Post-Truth Era
Abstract
Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) inaugurates a new educational era that compels a rethinking of established pedagogical paradigms. Within the epistemological uncertainty of the post-truth era, it has reconfigured teacher-student dynamics (TSD) in ways that challenge traditional assumptions about agency and authority in the classroom.
Purpose: The article addresses the disruption of TSD under the evolving force of AI, with particular attention to tensions in learner–teacher agency asymmetry in the context of AI-mediated language education.
Conceptual Contribution: Positioned within the genre of conceptual scholarship, the article introduces a model that delineates six interrelated dimensions of TSD disruption in the age of AI. The framework does not merely describe emerging shifts but systematizes them into an interpretive structure that traces the trajectory of TSD evolution. In doing so, it foregrounds the broader implications of these transformations for educational policy, pedagogical design, and research agenda in language education.
Implications: The analysis contends that AI realities not only govern but also reshape the human texture of pedagogical interaction. Preserving the integrity of the language classroom requires learning designs that foreground dialogic engagement and epistemic trust, while constructively integrating AI innovations.
Keywords: Artificial intelligence (AI), ethics, integrity, trust, relationship
Downloads
References
Adams, C., Pente, P., Lemermeyer, G., Turville, J., & Rockwell, G. (2022). Artificial intelligence and teachers’ new ethical obligations. The International Review of Information Ethics, 31(1). https://doi.org/10.29173/irie483
Al-Kadi, A. (2025b). Probing language teachers’ complaints about ChatGPT and GenAI tools: A social media dataset study. Issues in Educational Research, 35(2).
Al-Kadi, A. (2018). Towards humanizing ELT: Revisiting the need for English in the medical context in Yemen. Language Teaching and Educational Research, 1(2), 121-138. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/612983
Biesta, G. J. J. (2017). The rediscovery of teaching (1st ed). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315617497
Cong-Lem, N., & Daneshfar, S. (2024). Generative AI and second/foreign language education from Vygotsky’s cultural-historical perspective. In H. P. Bui & E. Namaziandost (Eds.), Innovations in technologies for language teaching and learning (pp. 175-188). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-63447-5_10
Crompton, H. & Burke, D. (2024). The educational affordances and challenges of ChatGPT: State of the field. TechTrends, 68, 380–392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-024-00939-0
Freire, P. (2017). Pedagogy of the oppressed. Penguin Classics.
Giray, L., Sevnarayan, K., & Ranjbaran Madiseh, F. (2025). Beyond policing: AI writing detection tools, trust, academic integrity, and their implications for college writing. Internet Reference Services Quarterly, 1(1), 1-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/10875301.2024.2437174
Ji, H., Han, I., & Park, S. (2024). Teaching foreign language with conversational AI: Teacher-student-AI interaction. Language Learning & Technology, 28(2), 91-108. https://hdl.handle.net/10125/73573
Kamali, J., Alpat, M.F. & Bozkurt, A. (2024). AI ethics as a complex and multifaceted challenge: decoding educators’ AI ethics alignment through the lens of activity theory. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 21(62). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-024-00496-9
Kramm, N., & McKenna, S. (2023). AI amplifies the tough question: What is higher education really for? Teaching in Higher Education, 28(8), 2173-2178. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2023.2263839
Kooli, C. (2023). Chatbots in education and research: A critical examination of ethical implications and solutions. Sustainability, 15(7), 5614-5614. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15075614
Lan, Y.-J., & Chen, N.-S. (2024). Teachers’ agency in the era of LLM and generative AI: Designing pedagogical AI agents. Educational Technology & Society, 27(1), 1-18. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48754837
Li, Y., & Chiu, C. Y. (2024). Redefining truth in the context of the AI-truth era: A practice-led research of “From post-truth to AI-truth”. In P. L. P. Rau (Ed.), Cross-cultural design. HCII 2024. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (pp. 245-257). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-60913-8_17
Ilic, P., & Sato-Ilic, M. (2024). AI-enhanced ecological learning spaces. In P. Ilic., I. Casebourne, & R. Wegerif (Eds.), Artificial intelligence in education: The intersection of technology and pedagogy (pp.17-37). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-71232-6_2
Lucas, M., Zhang, Y., Bem-haja, P. et al. (2024). The interplay between teachers’ trust in artificial intelligence and digital competence. Education and Information Technologies, 29, 22991-23010. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-024-12772-2
Luo (Jess), J. (2024). How does GenAI affect trust in teacher-student relationships? Insights from students’ assessment experiences. Teaching in Higher Education, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2024.2341005
Malcolm, D. (2021). Post-truth society? An Eliasian sociological analysis of knowledge in the 21st century. Sociology, 55(6), 1063-1079. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038521994039
Modhish, A. & Al-Kadi, A. (2016). Internet integration in EFL college instruction: Attitudes and perspectives. International Journal on Studies in English Language and Literature, 4(6), 52-62. https://doi.org/10.20431/2347-3134.0406008
Montanucci, G., & Peconi, A. (2024). Unlocking the potential of chatbots and intelligent tutors for language learning in online courses. In G. De Cristofaro, F. Silva, & B. Samu (Eds.), Language MOOCs and OERs: New trends and challenges (pp. 476-497). Perugia Stranieri University Press.
Moorhouse, B. L., & Wong, K. M. (2025). Generative artificial intelligence and language teaching. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009618823
Ogurlu, U., & Mossholder, J. (2023). The perception of ChatGPT among educators: Preliminary findings. Research in Social Sciences and Technology, 8(4), 196-215. https://doi.org/10.46303/ressat.2023.39
Perkins, M., & Roe, J. (2025). The end of assessment as we know it: GenAI, inequality and the future of knowing. In AI and the future of education: Disruptions, dilemmas and directions: AI pedagogies, assessment and emerging educational futures. Durham University Repository. https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/OutputFile/4512330
Pikhart, M., & Al-Obaydi, L. H. (2025). Reporting the potential risk of using AI in higher education: Subjective perspectives of educators. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 18, 100693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100693
Pratschke, B. M. (2024). Generative AI and education digital pedagogies, teaching innovation, and learning design. Springer
Raitskaya, L. & Tikhonova, E. (2025). Enhancing critical thinking skills in ChatGPT-human interaction: A scoping review. Journal of Language and Education, 11(2), 5-19. https://doi.org/10.17323/jle.2025.27387
Sparrow, R., & Flenady, G. (2025). Bullshit universities: The future of automated education. AI & Society. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-025-02340-8
Tolstykh, O., & Oshchepkova, T. (2024). Beyond ChatGPT: Roles that artificial intelligence tools can play in an English language classroom. Discover Artificial Intelligence, 4(1)60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-024-00158-9
Viberg, O., Cukurova, M., Feldman-Maggor, Y. et al. (2024). What explains teachers’ trust in AI in education across six countries? International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-024-00433-x
Yung, K. W. H. (2023). Theorizing agency from a complex dynamic systems theory perspective: Evidence from language learner narratives in online shadow education. The Modern Language Journal. https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12988
Zhai, X. (2024). Transforming teachers’ roles and agencies in the era of generative AI: Perceptions, acceptance, knowledge, and practices. Journal of Science Education and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-024-10174-0
Copyright (c) 2025 National Research University Higher School of Economics

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the Copyright Notice.
