Listening Boredom, Listening Boredom Coping Strategies, and Listening Performance: Exploring the Possible Relationships in Saudi EFL Context
Abstract
Researchers paid ample attention to an important variable called boredom in numerous contexts; however, limited research exists regarding the association of boredom with listening comprehension performance in EFL settings. Thus, the current study aims to establish the association between listening boredom and listening comprehension performance by deploying listening boredom coping strategies as a mediating construct. A quantitative research approach, and a cross-sectional and correlational research design was used to conduct this study. A listening comprehension test and questionnaires were used to gather the data from 313 Saudi EFL learners. Results directed that there exists a negative yet significant association between listening boredom and listening comprehension performance. In addition, listening boredom showed a positive and significant association with all of the four listening boredom coping strategies. Furthermore, three out of four listening boredom coping strategies (i.e., behavioral, cognitive, and behavioral avoidance) showed a positive and significant association with listening performance; however, cognitive avoidance strategies showed a significant yet negative association with listening comprehension performance. Lastly, results regarding mediation indicated that listening boredom coping strategies mediated the relationship between listening boredom and listening comprehension performance. Based on the results, various recommendations were presented to EFL learners, instructors, and policymakers.
Downloads
References
Abdolrezapour, P. (2019). Applying computer-mediated active learning intervention to improve L2 listening comprehension. Applied Research on English Language, 8(4), 511-530. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22108/ARE.2019.115355.1424
Acee, T. W., Kim, H., Kim, H. J., Kim, J., Hsiang-Ning, R. C., Kim, M., & Wicker, F. W. (2010). Academic boredom in under- and overchallenging situations. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 35(1), 17-27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2009.08.002
Alhaison, E. (2017). Metacognitive listening strategies used by Saudi EFL medical students. English Language Teaching, 10(2), 114-122.
Al-Hebaishi, S. M. (2012). Investigating the relationships between learning styles, strategies and the academic performance of Saudi English majors. International Interdisciplinary Journal of Education, 1(1028), 1-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12816/0002890
Al-Qahtani, A. (2016). Why do Saudi EFL readers exhibit poor reading abilities. English Language and Literature Studies, 6(1), 1-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ells.v6n1p1
Alshumaimeri, Y. (2017). The effects of reading method on the comprehension performance of Saudi EFL students. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 4(1), 185-195.
Baleghizadeh, S., & Rahimi, A. H. (2011). The relationship among listening performance, metacognitive strategy use and motivation from a self-determination theory perspective. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 1(1), 61-67. 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.1.1.61-67
Brown, G., & Yule, G. (1983). Teaching the spoken language. Cambridge University Press.
Castens, A. R., & Overbey, G. A. (2009). ADHD, boredom, sleep disturbance, self-esteem, and academic achievement in college students. Psi Chi Journal of Undergraduate Research, 14(2), 52-58.
Conrad, P. (1997). It's boring: Notes on the meanings of boredom in everyday life. Qualitative Sociology, 20, 465475. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024747820595.
Cowan, M. M., & Piepgrass, K. W. (1997). Attitudes about science among non-majors at the two-year campus of a liberal arts university (Report No. ED411034). Miami University.
Creswell, J. W. (2005). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative approaches to research (2nd ed.). Merrill/Pearson Education.
Curran, P. J., West, S. G., & Finch, J. F. (1996). The robustness of test statistics to nonnormality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 1(1), 16-29. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.1.1.16
Danckert, J. (2019). Boredom: Managing the delicate balance between exploration and exploitation. In Boredom is in your mind (pp. 37-53). Springer. 10.1007/978-3-030-26395- 9_3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26395-9_3
Dirven, R., & Oakeshott-Taylor, J. (1984). Listening comprehension (Part I). Language Teaching, 17(4), 326-343. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S026144480001082X
Djabbаrova, F. O. (2020). Modern methods of teaching listening skills. Science and Education, 1 (Special Issue 2).
Eastwood, J. D., Frischen, A., Fenske, M. J., & Smilek, D. (2012). The unengaged mind: De ning boredom in terms of attention. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7(5), 482-495. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691612456044
Eren, A. (2013). Prospective teachers' perceptions of instrumentality, boredom coping strategies, and four aspects of engagement. Teaching Education, 24(3), 302-326. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10476210.2012.724053
Eren, A. (2016). Unidirectional cycles of boredom, boredom coping strategies, and engagement among prospective teachers. Social Psychology of Education, 19(4), 895-924. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-016-9348-8
Eren, A., & Coskun, H. (2016). Students' level of boredom, boredom coping strategies, epistemic curiosity, and graded performance. The Journal of Educational Research, 109(6), 574-588. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2014.999364
Etemadfar, P., Soozandehfar, S. M. A., & Namaziandost, E. (2020). An account of EFL learners' listening comprehension and critical thinking in the flipped classroom model. Cogent Education, 7(1), 1835150. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2020.1835150
Fathi, J., & Hamidizadeh, R. (2019). The contribution of listening strategy instruction to improving second language listening comprehension: A case of Iranian EFL learners. International Journal of Instruction, 12(2), 17-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2019.1222a
Finkielsztein, M. (2019). Class-related academic boredom among university students: a qualitative research on boredom coping strategies. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 43, 1-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2019.1658729
Fisher, C. (1993). Boredom at work: A neglected concept. Human Relations, 46, 395-417.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
Froiland, J. M., & Davison, M. L. (2019). Emotional intelligence, listening comprehension, and reading comprehension among diverse adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29, 1385-1390. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01557-8
Graesser, A. C., & D'Mello, S. K. (2012). Emotions during the learning of dif cult material. In B. H. Ross (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (vol. 57, pp. 183-226). Academic Press.
Graesser, A. C., D'Mello, S. K., & Strain, A. C. (2014). Emotions in advanced learning technologies. In R. Pekrun & L. Linnenbrink-Garcia (Eds.), International handbook of emotions in education (pp. 473-493). Routledge.
Hair Jr, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L., & Kuppelwieser, V. G. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). European Business Review, 26(2), 106-121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-10-2013-0128
Hair Jr., J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Andersen, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2010). Mutilvariate data analysis (7th ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall.
Hamouda, A. (2013). An investigation of listening comprehension problems encountered by Saudi students in the EL listening classroom.International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 2(2), 113-15.
Harasymchuk, C., & Fehr, B. (2010). A script analysis of relational boredom: Causes, feelings, and coping strategies. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29(9), 988-1019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2010.29.9.988
Harris, M. B. (2000). Correlates and characteristics of boredom proneness and boredom. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30(3), 576-598. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02497.x
Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs, 76(4), 408-420. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750903310360
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115-135. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
Hökkä, P., Vähäsantanen, K., & Paloniemi, S. (2019). Emotions in learning at work: A literature review. Vocations and Learning, 13(1), 1-26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12186-019-09226-z
Hsieh, Y. (2020). Effects of video captioning on EFL vocabulary learning and listening comprehension. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 33(5-6), 567-589. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2019.1577898
Hwang, G. J., Hsu, T. C., & Hsieh, Y. H. (2019). Impacts of different smartphone caption/subtitle mechanisms on English listening performance and perceptions of students with different learning styles. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 35(4-5), 333-344. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2018.1543091
IELTS Partners (British Council, IDP: IELTS Australia Pty Ltd., and Cambridge English Language Assessment). (2019). IELTS Researchers: Test Taker Performance 2019. Retrieved September 21, 2020, from IELTS website: https://www.ielts.org/teaching-and-research/test-taker-performance_2019.aspx.
Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607-610. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001316447003000308.
Kruk, M., & Zawodniak, J. (2018). Boredom in practical English language classes: Insights from interview data. In L. Szymański, J. Zawodniak, A. Łobodziec, M. Smoluk (Eds.), Interdisciplinary Views on the English Language, Literature and Culture (177-191). Zielona Góra.
Li, C. H. (2019). Using a listening vocabulary levels test to explore the effect of vocabulary knowledge on GEPT listening comprehension performance. Language Assessment Quarterly, 16(3), 328-344. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15434303.2019.1648474
Macklem, G. L. (2015). Boredom in the classroom: Addressing student motivation, self-regulation and engagement in learning. Springer.
Mann, S., & Robinson, A. (2009). Boredom in the lecture theatre: An investigation into the contributors, moderators and outcomes of boredom amongst university students. British Educational Research Journal, 35(2), 243-258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01411920802042911
Meniado, J. C. (2016). Metacognitive reading strategies, motivation, and reading comprehension performance of Saudi EFL students. English Language Teaching, 9(3), 117-129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v9n3p117
Mohamed, M. M. K. (2018). Using audiobooks for developing listening comprehension among Saudi EFL preparatory year students. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 9(1), 64-73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0901.08
Mora, R. (2011). School is so boring: High stakes testing and boredom at an urban middle school. Penn GSE Perspectives on Urban Education, 9(1), 9-11.
Nadig, A. (2013). Listening comprehension. In F. R. Volkmar (Ed.), Encyclopedia of autism Spectrum disorders. Springer.
Namaziandost, E., Rezaei, Z., Etemadfar, P., & Alekasir, S. (2020). Implementing a flipped model of instruction in the EFL listening classroom: Impact on comprehension. Journal on English as a Foreign Language, 10(2), 385-401. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23971/jefl.v10i2.2065
Namaziandost, E., Sabzevari, A., & Hashemifardnia, A. (2018). The effect of cultural materials on listening comprehension among Iranian upper-intermediate EFL learners: In reference to gender. Cogent Education, 5(1), 1560601. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2018.1560601
Nett, U. E., Goetz, T., & Daniels, L. (2010). What to do when feeling bored? Students' strategies for coping with boredom. Learning and Individual Differences, 20(6), 626-638. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2010.09.004
Nett, U. E., Goetz, T., & Hall, N. C. (2011). Coping with boredom in school: An experience sampling perspective. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 36, 49-59. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2010.10.003
Osada, N. (2004). Listening comprehension research: A brief review of the past thirty years. Dialogue, 3(1), 53-66.
Oteir, I., & Aziz, N. H. A. (2017). Effects of listening comprehension anxiety from Saudi EFL learners' perspectives. International Journal of Linguistics, 9(5), 113-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v9i5.11792
Oxford, R. L. (1993). Research update on teaching L2 listening. System, 21(2), 205-211. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0346-251X(93)90042-F
Pawlak, M., Kruk, M., Zawodniak, J., & Pasikowski, S. (2020). Investigating factors responsible for boredom in English classes: The case of advanced learners. System, 102259, 1-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2020.102259
Pekrun, R. (2006). The control-value theory of achievement emotions: Assumptions, corollaries, and implications for educational research and practice. Educational Psychology Review, 18, 315-341. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-006-9029-9
Pekrun, R., Goetz, T., Titz, W., & Perry, R. P. (2002). Academic emotions in students' self-regulated learning and achievement: A program of qualitative and quantitative research. Educational Psychologist, 37(1), 91-105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326985EP3702_4
Pekrun, R., Hall, N. C., Goetz, T., & Perry, R. P. (2014). Boredom and academic achievement: Testing a model of reciprocal causation. Journal of Educational Psychology, 106(3), 696-710. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036006
Putwain, D. W., Becker, S., Symes, W., & Pekrun, R. (2018). Reciprocal relations between students' academic enjoyment, boredom, and achievement over time. Learning and Instruction, 54, 73-81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2017.08.004
Rahbar, S., Ahangari, S., & Saeidi, M. (2020). Raising the learners' awareness of prosodic features in pronunciation and its impact on listening comprehension: Insights from noticing hypothesis (Schmidt, 1995). Foreign Language Research Journal, 10(2), 260-271. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22059/jflr.2020.287970.674
Rahimirad, M. (2014). The impact of metacognitive strategy instruction on the listening performance of university students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 98, 1485-1491. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.569
Rahman, M. M., & Alhaisoni, E. (2013). Teaching English in Saudi Arabia: Prospects and challenges. Academic Research International, 4(1), 112-118.
Ramli, M. N., Saukah, A., & Prayogo, J. A. (2019). Word recognition from speech, syntactic knowledge, metacognitive awareness, self-efficacy as determination for l2 listening comprehension. International Journal of Instruction, 12(3), 89-104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17576/3L-2020-2602-13
Richards, J. C. (2008). Teaching listening and speaking from theory to practice. Cambridge University Press.
Rost, M. (2002). Teaching and researching listening. Longman.
Salih, A. H. (2019). Effects of mobile assisted language learning on developing listening skill to the department of English students in college of education for women at Al Iraqia University. European Journal of Language and Literature, 5(1), 31-38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26417/ejls-2019.v5i1-191
Sharp, J. G., Hemmings, B., Kay, R., & Sharp, J. C. (2019). Academic boredom and the perceived course experiences of final year Education Studies students at university. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 43(5), 601-627. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2017.1386287
Sharp, J. G., Hemmings, B., Kay, R., Murphy, B., & Elliott, S. (2017). Academic boredom among students in higher education: A mixed-methods exploration of characteristics, contributors and consequences. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 41(5), 657-677. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2016.1159292
Shehzad, M.W., Ahmed, R., Razzaq, S., Akhtar, A., Hasan, M.K. (2020). Do reading boredom and boredom coping strategies predict reading comprehension performance? An investigation of Saudi EFL learners. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 10(2), 445-459. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v10i2.28616
Trevors, G. J., Muis, K. R., Pekrun, R., Sinatra, G. M., & Muijselaar, M. M. (2017). Exploring the relations between epistemic beliefs, emotions, and learning from texts. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 48(1), 116-132. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2016.10.001
Tze, V. M., Daniels, L. M., & Klassen, R. M. (2016). Evaluating the relationship between boredom and academic outcomes: A meta-analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 28(1), 119-144. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-015-9301-y
van Tilburg, W. A., & Igou, E. R. (2017). Boredom begs to differ: Differentiation from other negative emotions. Emotion, 17(2), 309-322. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000233
Vandergrift, L. (2007). Recent developments in second and foreign language listening comprehension research. Language Teaching, 40(3), 191-221. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444807004338
Vandergrift, L., & Goh, C. (2012). Teaching and learning second language listening: Metacognition in action. Routledge.
Vodanovich, S. J. (2003). Psychometric measures of boredom: A review of the literature. The Journal of Psychology, 137(6), 569-595. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980309600636
Westgate, E. C., & Wilson, T. D. (2018). Boring thoughts and bored minds: The MAC model of boredom and cognitive engagement. Psychological Review, 125(5), 689-713. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000097
Zawodniak, J., Kruk, M., & Chumas, J. (2017). Towards conceptualizing boredom as an emotion in the EFL academic context. KSJ, 5(4), 425-441. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30438/ksj.2017.5.4.3
Zeng, Y. (2014). Investigating the effects of metacognitive instruction on Chinese EFL learners' listening performance. International Journal of Innovation in English Language Teaching and Research, 3(2), 139-157.
Zhang, X. (2013). Foreign language listening anxiety and listening performance: Conceptualizations and causal relationships. System, 41(1), 164-177. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2013.01.004
Zhao, X., Lynch Jr, J. G., & Chen, Q. (2010). Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and truths about mediation analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(2), 197-206. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/651257
Zhou, M., & Kam, C. C. S. (2017). Trait procrastination, self-efficacy and achievement goals: the mediation role of boredom coping strategies. Educational Psychology, 37(7), 854-872. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2017.1293801
Copyright (c) 2021 National Research University Higher School of Economics

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the Copyright Notice.